|
|header1= |label2=Location |data2=Tarnopol, German-occupied Poland |label3=Persecution |data3=Imprisonment, forced labor, starvation, mass killings |label4=Organizations | data4=''Schutzstaffel'' (''SS''), ''Einsatzgruppe'' C, Ukrainian Auxiliary Police, Wehrmacht |label5=Executions | data5=Tarnopol cemeteries |label6=Victims | data6=20,000 ghettoized Jews }} The Tarnopol Ghetto ((ポーランド語:getto w Tarnopolu), (ドイツ語:Ghetto Tarnopol)) was a Jewish World War II ghetto established in 1941 by the ''Schutzstaffel'' (''SS'') in the prewar Polish city of Tarnopol (now Ternopil, Ukraine) occupied by Germany at the onset of Operation Barbarossa.〔Joshua D. Zimmerman (2015), ''( The Polish Underground and the Jews, 1939–1945. )'' Cambridge University Press via Google Books. "The Provinces of Poland on the Eve of World War II," pp. xviii, 278, 328, 347. At Teheran (1943) Churchill told Stalin that he wished to see a new Poland "friendly to Russia". Stalin replied that nevertheless, he considered the annexation of Eastern Poland "just and right" only along the frontiers of the Nazi-Soviet invasion of 1939.(351 )〕 Before the joint Nazi-Soviet invasion of Poland in 1939 Tarnopol was the capital of the Tarnopol Voivodeship in the south-eastern part of the Kresy macroregion in the Second Polish Republic. The invading Soviets annexed the city in 1939 to the Ukrainian SSR along with the entire province and renamed it as Терно́поль (Ternopol). According to Polish census of 1931, Jews constituted 44% of the city's diverse multicultural makeup.〔Central Statistical Office (Poland), Drugi Powszechny Spis Ludności. Woj.tarnopolskie, 1931. PDF file, 21.09 MB. The complete text of the Polish census of 1931 for the Tarnopol Voivodeship, page 59 (select, drop-down menu). Wikimedia Commons.〕 Tarnopol had the largest Jewish community in the area,〔( Wydarzenia 1931 roku. ) Historia-Polski.com. Compendium of cities in the Republic with Jewish populations exceeding 12 thousand (Wykaz miast RP z populacją żydowską powyżej 12 tysięcy). Tarnopol: 14.000 czyli 44% ludności.〕 with the majority of Jews speaking Polish as their native language.〔 At the time of the Soviet invasion there were 18,000 Jews living in the provincial capital.〔 Meanwhile, the first week-long killing spree of 1,600–2,000 Jews occurred a few days after Tarnopol was occupied by the German army at the beginning of hostilities between the two allies.〔〔〔 The Ghetto was established formally two months later.〔 ==Background== During the invasion of Poland, Tarnopol was overrun by the Red Army on . Soon, the region was Sovietized in the atmosphere of terror.〔Bernd Wegner (1997). ''(From peace to war: Germany, Soviet Russia, and the world, 1939–1941. ) The Period of German-Soviet Partnership.'' Berghahn Books, p. 74. ISBN 1-57181-882-0.〕 Jewish businesses were nationalized;〔 wealthier Jews along with the Zionist leaders, arrested by the troops of the Soviet NKVD secret police.〔 Their families were deported to Siberia in cattle trains, along with families of Christian Poles.〔Tadeusz Piotrowski (1998), ''( Poland's Holocaust )'' (Google Books). Jefferson: McFarland, pp. 17-18, 420. ISBN 0-7864-0371-3.〕 Monuments were destroyed, street names changed, bookshops closed, library collections stolen and transported in lorries to the Russian archives. In early 1940 refugees fleeing from the Nazi-occupied Poland raised the Jewish population of Tarnopol to more than 20,000.〔 Some found employment with the Soviet administration, and in the new communist militia. A year and a half later, during the German attack on the Soviet positions in eastern Poland, Tarnopol was overrun by the Wehrmacht on . Several hundred Jews followed the Soviets in their hasty retreat to the east.〔 Immediately afterwards, up to 1,000 dead bodies of political prisoners murdered by the NKVD were discovered at the Tarnopol prison, and 1,000 more in nearby towns. Notably, among the NKVD executioners were also local men known by their names, which had terrible consequences for the Polish-Jewish community which – in accordance with the Nazi theory of Judeo-Bolshevism – was made responsible by the Germans for the Soviet atrocities against their own Ukrainian collaborationists. The NKVD killings of Poles were purposely overlooked. A pogrom broke out two days later and lasted from until , with homes destroyed, synagogue burned and Polish Jews killed indiscriminately, estimated between 1,600 (Yad Vashem)〔 and 2,000 (Virtual Shtetl)〔 at various locations including inside prison, at the Gurfein School, and at the synagogue set on fire afterwards.〔 The killing of about 1,000 Jews was done by the ''SS-Sonderkommando'' 4b attached to ''Einsatzgruppe'' C,〔 under the command of Guenther Hermann,〔(IDs of SS-Men. The SS & Polizei section. ) Axis History Forum. Retrieved July 31, 2015.〕 (just returning from the massacre in Łuck)〔Ronald Headland (1992), ''(Messages of Murder: A Study of the Reports of the Einsatzgruppen of the Security Police and the Security Service, 1941–1943. )'' Fairleigh Dickinson Univ. Press, pp. 79, 125. ISBN 0-8386-3418-4.〕 with another 600 Jews murdered by the Ukrainian Militia〔 – formed by the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists – and renamed as the Ukrainian Auxiliary Police the following month. Nearly all of their Jewish victims were men.〔 Some 500 Jews were murdered in the suburbs on the grounds of the Ternopil's Christian cemetery using weapons handed out by the German army.〔(Talking with the willing executioners. ) Haaretz.com 18 May 2009. A horrific page of history unfolded last Monday in Ukraine. It concerned the gruesome and untold story of a spontaneous pogrom by local villagers against hundreds of Jews in a town (suburb ) south of Ternopil in 1941. Not one, but five independent witnesses recounted the tale, recalling how they rushed to a German army camp, borrowed weapons and gunned down 500 Jews inside the town's Christian cemetery. One of them remembered decapitating bodies in front of the church.〕 According to interviews conducted in Ukraine by a Roman Catholic priest, Father Patrick Desbois from Yahad-In Unum, some of the victims were decapitated.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Tarnopol Ghetto」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|